Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. (“Intellia” or the “Company”) is a genome editing company focused on developing curative therapeutics utilizing a biological tool known as CRISPR/Cas9, which stands for Clustered, Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (“CRISPR”)/CRISPR associated 9 (“Cas9”). This is a technology for genome editing, the process of altering selected sequences of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”). The Company believes that CRISPR/Cas9 technology has the potential to transform medicine by editing disease-associated genes with a single treatment course, and that it can also be used to create novel engineered cell therapies that can replace a patient’s diseased cells or effectively target various cancers and autoimmune diseases. The Company is leveraging its leading scientific expertise, clinical development experience and intellectual property (“IP”) position to unlock a broad set of therapeutic applications for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and to develop a potential new class of therapeutic products.

The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company included herein have been prepared, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted from this report, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned, controlled subsidiary, Intellia Securities Corp. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and gain/loss on marketable securities.

In the opinion of management, the information furnished reflects all adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the reported interim periods. The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued to provide additional evidence relative to certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or any other interim period.

Liquidity

Since our inception through March 31, 2019, we have raised an aggregate of $572.3 million to fund our operations, of which $143.1 million was through our collaboration agreements, $170.5 million was from our initial public offering and concurrent private placements, $141.0 million was from a follow-on public offering, $85.0 million was from the sale of convertible preferred stock  and $32.7 million was from an at-the-market offering.  

On October 12, 2018, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the “Shelf”) with the SEC in relation to the registration of common stock, preferred stock, warrants and/or units of any combination thereof (collectively, the “Securities”). The Company also simultaneously entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC, (the “Sales Agent”), to provide for the offering, issuance and sale by the Company of up to an aggregate amount of $100.0 million of its common stock from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under the Shelf and subject to the limitations thereof.  The Company will pay to the Sales Agent cash commissions of 3.0 percent of the gross proceeds of sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement. In November 2018, the Company issued 1,659,300 shares of its common stock at $18.00 per share in accordance with the Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $28.5 million, after payment of cash commissions of 3.0 percent of the gross proceeds to the Sales Agent and approximately $0.4 million related to legal, accounting and other fees in connection with the sale. In March 2019, the Company issued an additional 223,818 shares of its common stock, in a series of sales, at an average price of $17.32 per share, in accordance with the Sales Agreement, for aggregate net proceeds of $3.6 million, after payment of cash commissions of 3.0 percent of the gross proceeds to the Sales Agent and approximately $0.1 million related to legal, accounting and other fees in connection with the sales.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, in our Annual Report. There have been no material changes during the three months ended March 31, 2019, other than the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842 (as defined below) which is discussed in detail in this note.

Marketable Securities

The following table summarizes the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 at net book value:

Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), using the required modified retrospective approach and utilizing the effective date as its date of initial application, for which prior periods are presented in accordance with the previous guidance in ASC Topic 840, Leases.

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present in the arrangement. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and short-term and long-term lease liabilities, as applicable. The Company has elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of 12 months or less. The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to extend a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will renew.  The Company monitors its plans to renew its material leases on a quarterly basis.

Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as incentives received. The interest rate implicit in the Company’s leases is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate, which reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment. In transition to ASC 842, the Company utilized the remaining lease term of its leases in determining the appropriate incremental borrowing rates.

In accordance with ASC 842, components of a lease should be allocated between lease components (e.g., land, building, etc.) and non-lease components (e.g., common area maintenance, consumables, etc.).  The fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components.

Although separation of lease and non-lease components is otherwise required, certain expedients are available. For new and amended leases beginning in 2019 and after, the Company has elected to account for the lease and non-lease components for leases for classes of all underlying assets and allocate all of the contract consideration to the lease component only.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and its related amendments (collectively known as “ASC 606”) on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method.

At inception, the Company determines whether contracts are within the scope of ASC 606 or other topics. For contracts that are determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods and services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps (i) identify the contract with the customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when the Company determines that collection of substantially all consideration for goods and services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration.

Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the goods and services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised goods and services, the Company applies judgment to determine whether promised goods and services are both capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised goods and services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.

The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in exchange for transferring goods and services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method, depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Any estimates, including the effect of the constraint on variable consideration, are evaluated at each reporting period for any changes. Determining the transaction price requires significant judgment, which is discussed in further detail for each of the Company’s collaboration agreements in Note 5. In addition, neither of the Company’s contracts as of March 31, 2019 contained a significant financing component.

If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis unless the transaction price is variable and meets the criteria to be allocated entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct service that forms part of a single performance obligation. The consideration to be received is allocated among the separate performance obligations based on relative standalone selling prices. The Company typically determines standalone selling prices using an adjusted market assessment approach model.

The Company satisfies performance obligations either over time or at a point in time. Revenue is recognized over time if either (i) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s performance, (ii) the entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced, or (iii) the entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. If the entity does not satisfy a performance obligation over time, the related performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time by transferring the control of a promised good or service to a customer.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s only revenue recognized is related to collaboration agreements with third parties which are either within the scope of ASC 606, under which the Company licenses certain rights to its product candidates to third parties, or within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”), if it involves a joint operating activity pursuant to which the Company is an active participant and is exposed to significant risks and rewards with respect to the arrangement. For the collaboration arrangements under the scope of ASC 606, as discussed in further detail in Note 5, the terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: nonrefundable, upfront fees; development, regulatory, and commercial milestone payments; research and development funding payments; and royalties on the net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in collaboration revenues, except for revenues from royalties on the net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. For arrangements within the scope of ASC 808, the terms of these arrangements typically include payments received or made under the cost sharing provisions which are recognized as a component of revenues in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Licenses of intellectual property: If the license to the Company’s IP is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenues from consideration allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the licenses. For licenses that are combined with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, the Company evaluates the probability of reaching the milestones and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur in the future, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received and therefore revenue recognized is constrained as management is unable to assert that a reversal of revenue would not be possible. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on levels of sales, if the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its collaboration agreements.

The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. Upfront payments and fees are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until the Company satisfies its obligations under these arrangements.  

The Company also considers the nature and contractual terms of an arrangement and assesses whether the arrangement involves a joint operating activity pursuant to which the Company is an active participant and is exposed to significant risks and rewards with respect to the arrangement. If the Company is an active participant and is exposed to the significant risks and rewards with respect to the arrangement, the Company accounts for the arrangement under ASC 808. Based on this consideration, the Company accounts for its Co-Development and Co-Promotion Agreement (“Co/Co”) with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Regeneron”) under ASC 808. Because ASC 808 does not provide recognition and measurement guidance for collaborative arrangements, the Company has analogized to ASC 606. Refer to Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s collaboration agreements.

The following table presents changes in the Company’s contract liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 established ASC 842, which amends ASC Topic 840, Leases, by introducing a lessee model that requires balance sheet recognition for most leases and the disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. ASC 842 was subsequently amended during 2018. The Company adopted the new standard using the required modified retrospective approach on January 1, 2019 and used the effective date as its date of initial application. Consequently, financial information is not to be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard are not to be provided for dates and periods prior to January 1, 2019.

ASC 842 provides several optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected the package of practical expedients which allows the Company to not reassess its existing conclusions on lease identification, classification, and initial direct costs. Further, the Company elected the hindsight practical expedient and utilized the short-term lease exemption for all leases with an original term of 12 months or less, for purposes of applying the recognition and measurement requirements of the new standard. The Company also elected the practical expedient which allows it to not separate lease and non-lease components for all its leases.

The adoption of the new standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease liabilities of $20.6 million, and right-of-use assets of $22.3 million on the Company’s balance sheet relating to its leases. Further, an adjustment to retained earnings of $0.3 million was recognized due to the use of hindsight being applied in updating the lease term for one of the Company’s property leases. The adoption of the standard did not have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss or condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Refer to Note 6, “Leases”, for the Company’s current lease commitments.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees by aligning it with the accounting for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. The Company adopted the new standard beginning January 1, 2019; it did not have a material impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, (“ASU 2018-13”). The new standard removes certain disclosures, modifies certain disclosures and adds additional disclosures related to fair value measurement. The new standard will be effective beginning January 1, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact ASU 2018-13 may have on its disclosures upon adoption.

The Company classifies fair value-based measurements using a three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows: Level 1, quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, observable inputs other than quoted market prices included in Level 1, such as quoted market prices for markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and Level 3, unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

The Company’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 included cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable and accounts payable. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s financial assets recognized at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following:

The Company’s financial assets, which include cash equivalents and marketable securities, have been initially valued at the transaction price, and subsequently revalued at the end of each reporting period, utilizing third-party pricing services or other observable market data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models and observable market inputs to determine value. After completing our validation procedures, we did not adjust or override any fair value measurements provided by the pricing services as of March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018.

Other financial instruments, including accounts receivable and accounts payable, are carried at cost, which approximate fair value due to the short duration and term to maturity.

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

To accelerate the development and commercialization of CRISPR/Cas9-based products in multiple therapeutic areas, the Company has formed, and intends to seek other opportunities to form, strategic alliances with collaborators who can augment its leadership in CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutic development.

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research

In December 2014, the Company entered into a strategic collaboration agreement with Novartis, as amended, (the “2014 Novartis Agreement”) with Novartis primarily focused on the development of new ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9-edited therapies using chimeric antigen receptor T (“CAR-T”) cells and hematopoietic stem cells (“HSC”s).

Agreement Structure. The parties agreed to engage in collaborative research activities using its CRISPR/Cas9 platform to identify and research therapeutic, prophylactic and palliative products and services relating to the following applications:  a) ex vivo HSCs and b) ex vivo CAR-Ts. In addition, in the last two years of the collaboration term, Novartis may engage in research and development of a limited number of in vivo targets using the Company’s platform.

Scope of Collaboration. During the five-year collaboration term parties may research potential therapeutic, prophylactic and palliative ex vivo applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology in HSCs and CAR-T cells. Research expenses incurred by the Company in support of the collaboration are reimbursed by Novartis.

HSC Program. The Company and Novartis agreed to conduct research of HSC targets under a research plan agreed upon by both parties. Within the HSC therapeutic space, Novartis may obtain exclusive rights to a limited number of these HSC targets, to be selected by Novartis in a series of selection windows. The Company has the right to choose a limited number of HSC targets for its exclusive development and commercialization per the specified selection schedule. Following these selections by Novartis and the Company, Novartis may obtain rights to research an additional limited number of HSC targets on a non-exclusive basis. Novartis is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to research, develop and commercialize at least one HSC product directed to each of their selected HSC targets.

CAR-T Program. The Company has also agreed to collaborate with Novartis on research activities for CAR-T cell targets. After completion of the activities contemplated by the parties’ CAR-T cell program research plan, Novartis will assume sole responsibility for developing any products that it selects, arising from that research plan and the costs and expenses of developing, manufacturing and commercializing its selected research targets. Novartis is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to research, develop or commercialize at least one CAR-T cell product directed to each of its selected CAR-T cell targets.

In Vivo Program. During the last two years of the five-year collaboration term, Novartis has the option to select a limited number of targets for research, development and commercialization of in vivo therapies using the Company’s CRISPR/Cas9 platform, on a non-exclusive basis. Following Novartis’ selection of each in vivo target, Novartis may offer the Company the right to participate in the research and development of such targets, in which case an in vivo program research plan for such target will be entered into between the Company and Novartis. Novartis is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to research, develop or commercialize at least one in vivo product directed to each of its selected targets. Novartis’ in vivo target selections are subject to certain restrictions, including that the targets, or all targets within a limited number of organs: (i) have not already been reserved by the Company pursuant to its limited right to do so under the agreement; (ii) are not the subject of a collaboration or pending collaboration with a third party; and (iii) are not the subject of ongoing or planned research and development by the Company.

Governance. The parties formed HSC and CAR-T steering committees with responsibility for oversight of these respective research programs and approval of the associated research plans. Beginning in December 2018, the HSC steering committee became responsible for the ocular stem cell (“OSC”) program. These steering committees in turn are overseen by a joint steering committee. The above steering committees are comprised by an equal number of representatives from each party.

Financial Terms. The Company received an upfront technology access payment from Novartis of $10.0 million in January 2015 and was entitled to additional technology access fees of $20.0 million and quarterly research payments of $1.0 million, or up to $20.0 million in the aggregate, during the five-year research term. To date, the Company has received $20.0 million in technology access fees and $16.0 million in research payments related to these programs. In addition, for each Novartis product under the collaboration (whether HSC or CAR-T, and beginning as of December 2018, OSC), subject to certain conditions, the Company may be eligible to receive (i) up to $30.3 million in development milestones, including for the filing of an investigational new drug (“IND”) application and for the dosing of the first patient in each of Phase IIa, Phase IIb and Phase III clinical trials, (ii) up to $50.0 million in regulatory milestones for the product’s first indication, including regulatory approvals in the U.S. and European Union (“EU”), (iii) up to $50.0 million in regulatory milestones for the product’s second indication, if any, including U.S. and EU regulatory approvals, (iv) royalties on net sales in the mid-single digits, and (v) net sales milestone payments of up to $100.0 million. The Company is also eligible to receive payments for: (i) each additional HSC target selected by Novartis beyond its initial defined allocation, for which it will receive $1.0 million for each target, (ii) each in vivo target that Novartis selects as described above, and (iii) any exercise by Novartis of certain license options under the 2014 Novartis Agreement.

Upon completion of the research collaboration term in December 2019, Novartis has the option to internalize the Intellia platform for a $50.0 million fee, which will allow them to select a limited number of additional CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing targets over 5 years. Up to $20.0 million of the internalization fee will be credited towards any milestone payments for any additional post-internalization targets (up to $4.0 million per target).

Equity Investments. Additionally, at the inception of the arrangement, at which time the Company was a privately held company, Novartis invested $9.0 million to purchase the Company’s Class A-1 and Class A-2 Preferred Units. The difference between the cash proceeds received from Novartis for the units and the $11.6 million estimated fair value of those units at the date of issuance was determined to be $2.6 million. Accordingly, $2.6 million of the upfront technology access payment was allocated to record the preferred units purchased by Novartis at fair value.

License Grant to Novartis. In the 2014 Novartis Agreement, the Company granted to Novartis a license to its CRISPR/Cas9 platform technology, including a sublicense to certain platform rights licensed from Caribou Biosciences, Inc. (“Caribou”), that is exclusive in the HSC, CAR-T cell and in vivo fields with respect to each target selected by Novartis pursuant to the agreement and the research plan as long as Novartis continues to use commercially reasonable efforts to research, develop, and commercialize CRISPR-edited products directed to such targets. Upon the expiration of the collaboration term, Novartis shall have the option to access and obtain a non-exclusive license to the Company’s CRISPR/Cas9 platform technology to research, develop and commercialize potential therapeutic, prophylactic and palliative products and services for a limited number of certain approved targets selected by Novartis, exercisable upon written notice to the Company within 30 days after the expiration of the collaboration term. Such approved targets are subject to certain restrictions, including that the targets may not have been already reserved by the Company pursuant to its limited right to do so under the agreement, may not be the subject of an existing out license of the Company’s CRISPR/Cas9 platform to a third party and may not be the subject of ongoing or planned research and development by the Company. This non-exclusive license will have a term of five years commencing upon the completion of the technology transfer by the Company enabling Novartis to practice such licensed rights, and Novartis may not select more than a specified number of approved targets in each year of this license term.

License Grant to Intellia. Novartis granted the Company a non-exclusive license to its IP covering small molecule for HSC expansion and to its LNP platform technology to research, develop and commercialize HSC and in vivo genome editing products, respectively, in the 2014 Novartis Agreement.

Intellectual Property. IP that the Company develops within the collaboration related to the Company’s CRISPR/Cas9 platform will be owned solely by the Company, while all other IP developed within the collaboration, including IP covering products arising from the collaboration, will be jointly owned by the Company and Novartis.

2018 Amendment to the Agreement. In December 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to this agreement with Novartis (the “Amendment”) which expands the scope of the 2014 Novartis Agreement to include the ex vivo development of CRISPR/Cas9-based cell therapies using limbal stem cells (“LSC”s), a type of OSC, primarily against gene targets selected by Novartis in exchange for a one-time payment of $10.0 million which the Company received in December 2018. The governance, milestones and royalties associated with any LSC program will follow those for the HSC programs. As part of the amendment, Intellia rights to Novartis’ lipid nanoparticle (“LNP”) technology were expanded to include use on all genome editing applications in both in vivo and ex vivo settings.

Term and Termination. The collaboration term ends in December 2019. The term of the agreement expires on the later of (i) the expiration of Novartis’ payment obligations under the agreement and (ii) the date of expiration of the last-to-expire of the patent rights licensed to the Company or Novartis under the agreement. Novartis’ royalty payment obligations expire on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis upon the later of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the royalty-bearing patents covering such product in such country or (ii) 10 years after the first commercial sale of such product in such country. The Company may terminate the agreement if Novartis or its affiliates institute a patent challenge against its IP rights, and all improvements thereto, licensed to Novartis under the agreement. Novartis may terminate the agreement, without cause, upon 90 days’ written notice to the Company subject to certain conditions, including its payment of any accrued and future obligations as if the collaboration had continued through December 2019. Either party may terminate the agreement in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach or bankruptcy—or insolvency-related events.

Accounting Analysis. The Company has concluded that the 2014 Novartis Agreement and the Amendment are subject to ASC 606 and has assessed its accounting for them accordingly. The Company evaluated the promised goods and services under the 2014 Novartis Agreement and determined that it included two performance obligations: (1) a combined performance obligation representing a series of distinct goods and services including the licenses to research, develop and commercialize HSC products and their associated research activities and the licenses to research, develop and commercialize CAR-T cell products and their associated research activities; and (2) the preferred units.

The Company determined that the transaction price of the 2014 Novartis Agreement was $59.0 million consisting of the following consideration: (1) the upfront technology access payment of $10.0 million; (2) the additional technology access fees of $20.0 million; (3) the Company’s estimate of variable consideration of $20.0 million related to the quarterly research payments; and (4) the payment for the preferred units of $9.0 million. None of the clinical or regulatory milestones were included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon future regulatory progress and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones and royalties will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the licenses granted to Novartis and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and when events whose outcomes are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The Company first allocated $11.6 million of the transaction price to the preferred units to record the preferred units purchased by Novartis at fair value. The Company then allocated the remaining $47.4 million of the transaction price to the remaining combined performance obligation of the licenses and associated research activities for HSC and CAR-T cell products. Revenue allocated to the combined performance obligation of the licenses and associated research activities for HSC and CAR-T cell products is being recognized on a straight-line basis over a period of five years, which, in management’s judgment, is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation and represents the Company’s best estimate of the period of the obligation.

The Company determined that there is only one combined performance obligation identified under the Amendment, representing a series of distinct goods and services including the licenses to research, develop and commercialize products using LSCs and their associated research and development services related to the research, development and commercialization of products using LSCs, and allocated the $10.0 million transaction price accordingly. Revenue allocated to this performance obligation is being recognized on a straight-line basis over a period of approximately one year, which, in management’s judgment, is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation and represents the Company’s best estimate of the period of the obligation.

Revenue Recognition - Collaboration Revenue. Through March 31, 2019, excluding amounts allocated to Novartis’ purchase of the Company’s Class A-1 and Class A-2 Preferred Units, the Company had recorded a total of $54.4 million in cash and accounts receivable under the 2014 Novartis Agreement. Through March 31, 2019, the Company has recognized $43.6 million of collaboration revenue, including $4.7 million and $2.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss related to this agreement. As of March 31, 2019, there was approximately $13.8 million of the aggregate transaction price remaining to be recognized, which will be recognized through December 2019.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had accounts receivable of $1.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, and deferred revenue of $10.8 million and $14.5 million, respectively, related to this agreement.

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

In April 2016, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Regeneron Agreement”) with Regeneron.

Agreement Structure. The Regeneron Agreement has two principal components: i) a product development component under which the parties will research, develop and commercialize CRISPR/Cas-based therapeutic products primarily focused on genome editing in the liver, and ii) a technology collaboration component, pursuant to which the Company and Regeneron will engage in research and development activities aimed at discovering and developing novel technologies and improvements to CRISPR/Cas technology to enhance the Company’s genome editing platform. Under this agreement, the Company also may access the Regeneron Genetics Center and proprietary mouse models to be provided by Regeneron for a limited number of the Company’s liver programs.

Scope of Collaboration. Under the terms of the six-year collaboration, Regeneron may obtain exclusive rights for up to 10 targets to be chosen by Regeneron during the collaboration term, subject to a target selection process and various adjustments and limitations set forth in the agreement. Of these 10 total targets, Regeneron may select up to five non-liver targets, while the remaining targets must be focused in the liver. Certain non-liver targets from the Company’s ongoing and planned research at the time, as well as any targets included in another of the Company’s collaborations, are excluded from this collaboration. At the inception of the agreement, Regeneron selected the first of its 10 targets, transthyretin amyloidosis (“ATTR”), which is subject to a Co/Co between the Company and Regeneron, the general terms and conditions for which were outlined within the Regeneron Agreement.

Research Collaboration. Research activities under the collaboration will be governed by evaluation and research and development plans that will outline the parties’ responsibilities under, anticipated timelines of and budgets for, the various programs. The Company will assist Regeneron with the preliminary evaluation of its selected liver targets, and Regeneron will be responsible for preclinical research and conducting clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization of products directed to each of its exclusive targets. The Company may assist, as requested by Regeneron, with the later discovery and research of product candidates directed to any selected target. For each selected target, Regeneron is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to submit regulatory filings necessary to achieve IND acceptance for at least one product directed to each applicable target, and following IND acceptance for at least one product, to develop and commercialize such product.

Reserved Liver Targets. The Company retains the exclusive right to solely develop products via CRISPR genome editing directed against certain specified genetic targets. During the collaboration term and subject to a target selection process, the Company has the right to choose additional liver targets for its own development using commercially reasonable efforts. Certain targets that either the Company or Regeneron select during the term may be subject to further co-development and co-commercialization arrangements at the Company or Regeneron’s option, as applicable, which either can exercise pursuant to defined conditions.

Governance. The parties formed a joint steering committee, which is responsible for setting research objectives and overseeing the general strategies and activities undertaken by the parties under the Regeneron Agreement.  Additionally, the parties formed a Joint Development and Commercialization Committee (“JDCC”) to oversee all profit share products under the Co/Co discussed below.  The JDCC will have responsibility for overseeing the development, manufacture, regulatory matters, and commercialization (including pricing and reimbursement) of ATTR, as the first profit share product under the collaboration agreement.

Financial Terms. The Company received a nonrefundable upfront payment of $75.0 million. In addition, on Regeneron programs that are not subject to co-development and co-promotion agreements the Company may be eligible to earn, on a per-licensed target basis, (i) up to $25.0 million in development milestones, including for the dosing of the first patient in each of Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical trials, (ii) up to $110.0 million in regulatory milestones, including for the acceptance of a regulatory filing in the U.S., and for obtaining regulatory approval in the U.S. and in certain other identified countries, and (iii) up to $185.0 million in sales-based milestone payments. The Company is also eligible to earn royalties ranging from the high single digits to low teens, in each case, on a per-product basis, which royalties are potentially subject to various reductions and offsets and incorporate the Company’s existing low- to mid-single-digit royalty obligations under a license agreement with Caribou. In addition, Regeneron is obligated to fund 50.0 percent of the research and development costs for the ATTR program.

Equity Investments. In connection with this collaboration, Regeneron purchased $50.0 million of the Company’s common stock in a private placement under a Stock Purchase Agreement concurrent with the Company’s initial public offering.

Term and Termination. The collaboration term ends in April 2022, except that Regeneron may make a one-time payment of $25.0 million to extend the term for an additional two-year period. The agreement will continue until the date when no royalty or other payment obligations are due, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Regeneron’s royalty payment obligations expire on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis upon the later of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the royalty-bearing patents covering such product in such country, (ii) 12 years from the first commercial sale of such product in such country, or (iii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for such product. The Company may terminate the agreement on a target-by-target basis if Regeneron does not proceed with the development of a product directed to a selected target within specified periods of time. Regeneron may terminate the agreement, without cause, upon 180 days written notice to the Company, either in its entirety or on a target-by-target basis, in which event, certain rights in the terminated targets and associated IP revert to the Company, as described in the agreement. Following such termination, the Company may owe Regeneron royalties, in certain circumstances, up to mid-single digits on any terminated targets that the Company subsequently commercializes on a product-by-product basis for a period of 12 years after the first commercial sale of any such products. Either party may terminate the agreement either in its entirety or with respect to the technology collaboration or one or more of the targets selected by Regeneron, in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach.

Co-Development and Co-Promotion Agreement. In July 2018, the Company and Regeneron finalized the form of the Co/Co that will be used as the basis for each Co/Co agreement directed to a target. Simultaneously, the Company and Regeneron executed the Co/Co agreement directed to the first collaboration target, ATTR, for which the Company will be the clinical and commercial Lead Party (see below). As such, Regeneron will be the Participating Party (see below) and will share equally in worldwide development costs and profits as long as it funds half of the defined research and development costs attributable to the ATTR program.

Co-Development and Co-Promotion: Agreement Structure. Under the Co/Co agreement, Regeneron has the right to exercise up to at least five Co/Co options on the Company’s liver targets (other than the Company’s reserved liver targets), while the Company may exercise at least one Co/Co option on Regeneron’s liver targets, the exact number of Co/Co options being subject to certain conditions of the target selection process. Co/Co options must be exercised (or forfeited) once a target reaches a defined preclinical stage. Within 15 days of exercising the Co/Co option, the party exercising the option must pay $1.5 million to the other party as compensation for prior work. The ATTR program was exempted from this payment. One Party will be the “Lead Party” and the other Party the “Participating Party”. The Lead Party shall have control and primary responsibility for the development, manufacturing, regulatory and commercial activities. The Participating Party shall have the right to consult on these activities through its participation on the JDCC and will have the right to co-fund development and commercialization activities in exchange for a share of profits. In general, the parties will share equally in worldwide development costs and profits of any future products. Prior to reaching a specific development milestone, the Participating Party may elect to reduce its share of worldwide development costs and profits by 50.0 percent.

Co-Development and Co-Promotion: Termination. Either party may terminate by providing 180 days written notice. If the Company terminates, the product becomes a Regeneron product, and is subject to all future milestone and royalty payment obligations under the Regeneron agreement. If Regeneron terminates and has contributed at least $5.0 million in development costs, the Company will pay low- to mid-single digit royalties on the net sales of the product, depending on co-funding percentage, stage at termination, if any, and Regeneron IP incorporated into the product.

Accounting Analysis. The Company determined that the Regeneron Agreement is within the scope of ASC 606. The Company evaluated the promised goods and services under the Regeneron Agreement and determined that the Regeneron Agreement included three performance obligations: (1) a combined performance obligation including the licenses to targets and the associated research activities and evaluation plans; (2) a combined performance obligation including the technology collaboration and associated research activities; and (3) the common stock.

The Company also concluded that the ATTR Co/Co meets the definition of a collaborative arrangement per ASC 808, which is outside of the scope of ASC 606. Since ASC 808 does not provide recognition and measurement guidance for collaborative arrangements, the Company has analogized to ASC 606. As such, the Company classifies payments received or made under the cost sharing provisions of the ATTR Co/Co as a component of revenues in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Under the Regeneron Agreement, the Company determined that the transaction price was $125.0 million, consisting of the following consideration: (1) the nonrefundable upfront payment of $75.0 million; and (2) the payment for the common stock of $50.0 million. None of the clinical or regulatory milestones were included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future regulatory progress and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones and royalties will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the licenses granted to Regeneron and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and when events whose outcome are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The Company first allocated $50.0 million of the transaction price to the common stock. The common stock was sold at its standalone selling price and the Company concluded that the total discount inherent in the arrangement is entirely attributable to the combined performance obligation including the licenses to targets and associated research activities and evaluation plans and the combined performance obligation including the technology collaboration and associated research activities. As such, the remaining $75.0 million of the transaction price was allocated to the combined performance obligation including the licenses to targets and associated research activities and evaluation plans and the combined performance obligation including the technology collaboration and associated research activities on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company estimated the standalone selling price of each combined performance obligation by taking into consideration internal estimates of research and development personnel needed to perform the research and development services, estimates of expected cash outflows to third parties for services and supplies, selling prices of comparable transactions and typical gross profit margins. As a result of this evaluation, the Company allocated $63.8 million to the combined performance obligation including the licenses to targets and associated research activities and evaluation plans and $11.2 million to the combined performance obligation including the technology collaboration and associated research activities. The $63.8 million allocated to the combined performance obligation including the licenses to targets and associated research activities and evaluation plans is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the six-year performance period of the arrangement, which, in management’s judgment, is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation and represents the Company’s best estimate of the period of the obligation. The $11.2 million allocated to the combined performance obligation including the technology collaboration and associated research activities is being recognized on a straight-line basis over a period beginning with the inception of the technology collaboration in September 2016 through the end of the arrangement, which, in management’s judgment, is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation and represents the Company’s best estimate of the period of the obligation.

Revenue Recognition – Collaboration Revenue. Through March 31, 2019, excluding the amounts allocated to Regeneron’s purchase of common stock, the Company recorded a $75.0 million upfront payment and $14.7 million for research and development services under the Regeneron Agreement. Through March 31, 2019, the Company has recognized $51.3 million of collaboration revenue, including $5.7 million and $5.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss related to this arrangement. This includes $2.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively, representing payments due from Regeneron pursuant to the ATTR Co/Co, which is accounted for under ASC 808. As of March 31, 2019, there was approximately $38.3 million of the aggregate transaction price remaining to be recognized, which will be recognized ratably through April 2022.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had accounts receivable of $2.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and deferred revenue of $38.3 million and $41.4 million, respectively, related to this arrangement.

6.Leases

In October 2014, the Company entered into an agreement to lease office and laboratory space at 130 Brookline Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts under an operating lease agreement with a term through January 2020, with an option to extend the term of the lease for an additional five-year period. In April 2019, the Company executed an amendment to the lease to extend the term of the lease for the additional five-year period.  Refer to Note 11, Subsequent Event, for additional information regarding this lease amendment. Upon the execution of the original lease, the Company provided a $0.3 million security deposit. The Company has recorded this security deposit in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In applying the ASC 842 transition guidance, the Company retained the classification of this lease as operating and recorded a lease liability and a right-of-use asset on the ASC 842 effective date with the five-year extension included in the lease term, based on the Company’s election of the hindsight practical expedient as the Company was reasonably certain to exercise this option term.

In March 2019, the Company entered into a separate agreement to sublease additional office and laboratory space at 130 Brookline Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts under an operating sublease agreement with a term through April 2021, with two options to extend the agreement by one-year each, for a total option period of up to two years. No right-of-use asset or lease liability has been recorded for this lease as of March 31, 2019, as the lease does not commence until April 2019. The Company estimates that at commencement it will recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability between $1.0 million and $1.5 million.

In January 2016, the Company entered into a ten-year agreement to lease office and laboratory space at 40 Erie Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts under an operating lease agreement, with an option to terminate the lease at the end of the sixth year and an option to extend the term of the lease for an additional three years. Upon the execution of this lease, the Company provided a $2.2 million security deposit, which has been recorded in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition, the Company had prepaid $2.2 million in lease payments as of December 31, 2018 under the terms of this lease. In applying the ASC 842 transition guidance, the Company retained the classification of this lease as operating and recorded a lease liability and a right-of-use asset on the ASC 842 effective date.

Throughout the term of its leases, the Company is responsible for paying certain costs and expenses, in addition to the rent, as specified in the lease, including a proportionate share of applicable taxes, operating expenses and utilities. The variable portion of these costs are expensed as incurred and are disclosed as variable lease cost.

The following table contains a summary of the lease costs recognized under Topic 842 and other information pertaining to the Company’s operating leases for the three months ended March 31, 2019:

Future minimum lease payments under the Company’s non-cancelable operating leases as of March 31, 2019, are as follows:

Future minimum lease payments under the Company’s non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2018, are as follows:

7.Equity-Based Compensation

Equity-based compensation expense is classified in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows: